Vortex light carries orbital angular momentum (OAM) characterized by exp(ilθ), where θ is the angular coordinate and l is the topological charge (TC) 1. OAM beams have been widely used in a variety of ...

Back in the 1960s, when I started working in radio broadcast engineering, an oscilloscope was my “eye” on what was happening with equipment. That tool served me well and is still in daily use in my ...

As one of the most important instruments for electrical test in a lab or in the field, signal and spectrum analyzers serve multiple purposes across a range of applications, from communications, to ...

Like most modern radio communications devices, wireless local-area networks (WLANs), RFID tags, and 3G cellular systems rely on complex modulations that require specialized signal-analysis ...