The punishment for vagrancy typically included days (or even months) in jail, forced labor, or expulsion from the state. These laws remained on the books until 1972.

Philadelphia’s 7% drop in fatal overdoses in 2023 is notable. Still, opioid use disorder claimed the lives of over 1,100 residents that year – more than three times as many lives as 10 years earlier.

With that idea in mind, as a historian of science, my best answer to the question of what the first scientists discovered is Babylonian astronomy.